Tchaikovsky Research : Six Duets, Op. 46 (TH 102)

Catalogue References:	TH 102 ; ČW 312.
Date:	June–August 1880.
Text:	Ivan Zakharovich Surikov (1841–1880), from his poems The Sun Has Set (Солнце утомилось) and In the Still Air (В воздухе смолкает) (1864–66).
Language:	Russian.
Key:	A♭ major.
Tempo/Section Listing:	Andante non troppo (A♭ major, 121 bars).
Instrumentation:	Soprano and Mezzo-Soprano voices + Piano.
Autograph Location:	Moscow: Glinka State Central Museum of Musical Culture.
First Publication:	Moscow: P. Jurgenson, 1883.
Average Duration:	7 minutes.
Dedication:	Tat'iana L'vovna Davydova (1861–1887).
External Links:	The Lied and Art Songs Text Page (text and translations).

No. 2. Scottish Ballad: Edward (Шотландская баллада: Эдвард)

Catalogue References:	TH 102 ; ČW 313 (as "Scottish Ballad").
Date:	June–August 1880.
Text:	Aleksei Konstantinovich Tolstoi (1817–1875), from his poem Edward: A Scottish Folk-Ballad (Эдвард. Народная шотландская баллада) (1871) — a translation from the English of Edward from Thomas Percy's Reliques of Ancient English Poetry (1765) [16].
Language:	Russian.
Key:	A minor.
Tempo/Section Listing:	Allegro agitato, ma non troppo (A minor, 171 bars).
Instrumentation:	Soprano and Baritone voices + Piano.
Autograph Location:	Moscow: Glinka State Central Museum of Musical Culture.
First Publication:	Moscow: P. Jurgenson, 1883.
Average Duration:	5 minutes.
Dedication:	Tat'iana L'vovna Davydova (1861–1887).
External Links:	The Lied and Art Songs Text Page (text and translations).

No. 3. Tears (Слезы)

Catalogue References:	TH 102 ; ČW 314.
Date:	June–August 1880.
Text:	Fedor Ivanovich Tiutchev (1803–1873), after an untitled poem (1850).
Language:	Russian.
Key:	G minor.
Tempo/Section Listing:	Andante molto sostenuto (G minor, 57 bars).
Instrumentation:	Soprano and Mezzo-Soprano voices + Piano.
Autograph Location:	Moscow: Glinka State Central Museum of Musical Culture.
First Publication:	Moscow: P. Jurgenson, 1883.
Average Duration:	4 minutes.
Dedication:	Tat'iana L'vovna Davydova (1861–1887).
External Links:	The Lied and Art Songs Text Page (text and translations).

No. 4. In the Garden, By the Ford (В огороде, возле броду) [1]

Catalogue References:	TH 102 ; ČW 315 (as "In the Garden, Near the Ford").
Date:	June–August 1880.
Text:	Ivan Zakharovich Surikov (1841–1880), from his poem Song—from T. Shevchenko (Песнь—из Т. Шевченко) (ca.1869) — a translation from the Ukrainian poem In the Garden, By the Ford (Но вгородi коло броду) (1848) by Taras Shevchenko (1814–1861).
Language:	Russian.
Key:	A major.
Tempo/Section Listing:	Allegro moderato (A major, 67 bars).
Instrumentation:	Soprano and Mezzo-Soprano voices + Piano.
Autograph Location:	Moscow: Glinka State Central Museum of Musical Culture.
First Publication:	Moscow: P. Jurgenson, 1883.
Average Duration:	2 minutes.
Dedication:	Tat'iana L'vovna Davydova (1861–1887).
External Links:	The Lied and Art Songs Text Page (text and translations).

No. 5. Passion Spent (Минула страсть)

Catalogue References:	TH 102 ; ČW 316 (as "The Passion Has Passed").
Date:	June–August 1880.
Text:	Aleksei Konstantinovich Tolstoi (1817–1875), after an untitled poem (1858).
Language:	Russian.
Key:	F major.
Tempo/Section Listing:	Allegro agitato (F minor, 198 bars).
Instrumentation:	Soprano and Tenor voices + Piano.
Autograph Location:	Moscow: Glinka State Central Museum of Musical Culture.
First Publication:	Moscow: P. Jurgenson, 1883.
Average Duration:	6 minutes.
Dedication:	Tat'iana L'vovna Davydova (1861–1887).
External Links:	The Lied and Art Songs Text Page (text and translations).

No. 6. Dawn (Рассвет)

(a) 1st version:

Catalogue References:	TH 102 ; ČW 317a.
Date:	June–August 1880.
Text:	Ivan Zakharovich Surikov (1841–1880), from an untitled poem (1864–65).
Language:	Russian.
Key:	E major.
Tempo/Section Listing:	Allegro moderato (E major, 147 bars).
Instrumentation:	Soprano and Mezzo-Soprano voices + Piano.
Autograph Location:	Moscow: Glinka State Central Museum of Musical Culture.
First Publication:	Moscow: P. Jurgenson, 1883.
Average Duration:	4 minutes.
Dedication:	Tat'iana L'vovna Davydova (1861–1887).
External Links:	Internet Music Score Library Project (downloadable score). The Lied and Art Songs Text Page (text and translations).

(b) 2nd version:

Catalogue References:	TH 102 ; ČW 317b.
Date:	December 1889.
Text:	Ivan Zakharovich Surikov (1841–1880), from an untitled poem (1864–65).
Language:	Russian.
Key:	E major.
Tempo/Section Listing:	Allegro moderato (E major, 147 bars).
Instrumentation:	Soprano and Mezzo-Soprano voices + 2 Flutes, 2 Oboes, 2 Clarinets (A), 2 Bassoons + 4 Horns (F) + Violins I, Violins II, Violas, Cellos, Double Basses.
First Performance:	Saint Petersburg, 17/29 December 1889, by Evgeniia Mravina and Nina Fride, conducted by Eduard Nápravník.
Autograph Location:	Saint Petersburg, Central Music Library of the Mariinskii Theatre.
First Publication:	Moscow: Muzgiz, 1960.
Average Duration:	4 minutes.
Dedication:	Tat'iana L'vovna Davydova (1861–1887).
External Links:	Internet Music Score Library Project (downloadable score). The Lied and Art Songs Text Page (text and translations).

History

Written at Kamenka and Simaki in July and August 1880. While correcting proofs of the opera The Maid of Orleans in May and June 1880, Tchaikovsky considered writing a vocal work [2]. On 5/17 June he told Nadezhda von Meck: "Yesterday I started to compose some small vocal pieces, and began with a duet to words to A. K. Tolstoi's Passion Spent" [3]. In this same letter he wrote of his intention to use verses by the poet Ivan Surikov ("He was quite a talented man, and his pieces are shot through with genuine sentiment") for his future work. References to work on the duets is also found in a letter to Karl Albrecht of 21 June/3 July [4].

On 10/22 July, Tchaikovsky wrote from Simaki to Nadezhda von Meck that he was making fair copies of the "the romances for two voices written at Kamenka" [5]. Returning to Kamenka, the composer completed the fair copies of the duets, and also the fair copies of the Seven Romances (Op. 47), written at Brailov and Simaki. Duets Nos. 1 and 2 were written on separate sheets, but the remaining duets are together one after another. On 24 August/5 September he wrote to Petr Jurgenson and Sergei Taneev that he had completed the duets and romances and would be sending them to Jurgenson via Anatolii Tchaikovsky [6] (who left Kamenka on 30 August/11 September).

Finally, in late August/early September, Tchaikovsky informed Nadezhda von Meck that he had completed the fair copies of the vocal pieces and sent them to Petr Jurgenson [7].

Out of all the duets, Tchaikovsky greatly favoured Tears (No. 3). In a letter of 3/15–4/16 July 1881, he wrote to Nadezhda von Meck: "The Scottish Ballad is also among my favourite offspring, but I am quite certain, alas, that it will never be performed as I imagined. It must not be sung, but declaimed quickly and with great passion" [8].

One further reference to the duets survives, in a letter of 4/16 June 1881 to Sergei Flerov. The latter approved of the duets, but criticised the "impossible words" of the Scottish Ballad (No. 2), and made remarks concerning the duet Dawn (No. 6): "in the second edition you need to change just one word in No. 6, namely: ‘Well, pray quickly’. This ‘well, pray’ is terribly odd. It would be better to put ‘O, pray’ [9]. Although he took exception to the first remark, the composer agreed with the second: "With regard to ‘well, pray’, your comment is absolutely right, and I shall certainly attend to this matter, if and when the second edition is printed" [10]. However, in the next edition this passage remained unchanged.

In the Scottish Ballad (No. 2), five stanzas of Aleksei Tolstoi’s poem were omitted, as was the refrain "Mother, my mother" before each repeated word in Edward’s retort.

The duet In the Garden, By the Ford (No. 4) sets the title to the tune of a Ukrainian folk song.

The duet Dawn (No. 6) was orchestrated by Tchaikovsky at the request of Nina Fride and Evgeniia Mravina for a royal command performance which took place on 17/29 December 1889, conducted by Eduard Nápravník. According to Nina Fride, the duet was orchestrated by Tchaikovsky in just one night [12].

The request to orchestrate the duet was made to Tchaikovsky in a letter from Nina Fride of 11/23 November 1889: "I ask a big favour from you, which I hope you will not refuse. For our concert tour, Evgeniia Konstantinovna Mravina and I have chosen your duet Dawn. Would you be so kind and obliging as to orchestrate it, if at all possible, without delay, i.e. the concert is due to take place very soon, on 20 November" [13]. Later that month, Evgeniia Mravina repeated Nina Fride’s request, and told Tchaikovsky that the concert had been postponed until December" [14].

On the manuscript of the orchestration, the composer added the notes "E. K. Mravina" and "N. A. Fride" to the vocal lines.

In 1898 the duet In the Garden, By the Ford (No. 4) was orchestrated by Sergei Taneev at the request of Modest Tchaikovsky for a concert in memory of the composer, which took place on 24 October/5 November 1898 [15]. The score was published by Muzgiz in 1957.

Six Duets

Шесть дуэтов

No. 1. Evening (Вечер)